BRITISH UNIVERSITIES

There are 44 universities in Britain. These are divided into three
types: the old established universities, such as Oxford (founded 1249),
Cambridge and Edinburgh. Oxford and Cambridge together are often

called Oxbridge; the 19th century universities such as London and
Manchester; the new universities established after World War IT, such
as Essex, Lancaster, The New University of Ulster.
Characteristics of the universities:
The old universities consist of a collection of independent colleges.
Together they form the university, which is governed by a senate, the
main decision-making body in the university. Some 19th century
universities have a combination of independent colleges and research
institutes. London University is an example. Other universities
developed during the 19th century out of single university colleges in
provincial cities. Because their original buildings were often built of
brick, they are sometimes called 'redbrick' universities. The new
universities were founded after World War II because the demand for
higher education had increased.
So many more people wanted to study for a degree after 1945 that
even the building of new universities did not solve the problem. In
certain areas of the country, the existing colleges of technology and
other further education colleges were combined to form polytechnics.
Thus, Britain was able to meet the increasing demand for higher
education degrees. There are now 30 polytechnics, offering courses in
the full range of subjects, from engineering to art. The Council of
National Academic Awards (CNAA) supervises polytechnic
examinations and makes sure that a high standard is maintained in all
polytechnics.
Some special features of British university life:
Over 90% of full-time students receive grants from public or private
funds. The grants are paid towards tuition and living costs. Higher
education is free for those people whose parents' income is below a
certain level. Degree courses, leading to a B.A. or B.Sc, usually take
three years. It is almost impossible to move from one university to
another during a degree course, but if you do that, you will have to
begin the course again.
University students attend lectures.They also attend tutorials. These
are discussion classes for a small group of students. In these classes, a
tutor sets work for his students. Then, the teacher and the students get
together every week or fortnight to discuss and criticise the work done

by each student.

HALLEY'S COMET

A comet is an object that travels around the sun leaving a bright trail behind. For more than two thousand years, the return of Halley's Comet has been observed and recorded on Earth every 76 years. Its 1986 visit, however, was the first time that humans took a close look at its nucleus. One spacecraft went within a few hundred kilometres of the nucleus. Two Soviet craft, Vega 1 and Vega 2, came within 10,000 km of the nucleus on March 6th and March 9th; and the European Space Agency's Giotto space probe passed within 600 km of Halley's Comet on March 14th. Pioneer Venus Orbiter found that the cloud of gases and dust which make up the tail spread over a region about 20,000,000 km across, 15 times larger than the Sun. Scientists also discovered that the comet was losing about ten metres of material from its surface every orbit, suggesting a lifetime of about only 1,000 orbits - in about 100,000 years it will disappear.

ELVIS PRESLEY

Elvis Presley was born on January 8th, 1935, in East Tupelo, Mississippi. His twin brother died at birth. Elvis grew up in a poor home, but his parents, Vernon and Gladys Presley, were kind and loving. After he left school, Elvis worked in different jobs. He worked in cinemas and supermarkets, and he worked as a lorry driver. This was the job he liked most. Two people helped Elvis in his career. One was Sam Phillips. Sam had a record company called Sun Records. He was the first person to realise that Elvis was a good singer. The second person to help Elvis was Tom Parker. Tom became Elvis' manager in 1955 and he made him into a famous rock and roll star. Elvis won a lot of gold discs in his life. He died on August 16th, 1977. Many people say that he died because he took too many drugs and pills.

THE AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES

'Aborigines' are the first or original inhabitants of a country. The Australian Aborigines have lived in Australia for over 40,000 years. At one stage in their history, there were possibly over a million Aborigines. However, -when the first white settlers arrived in the 18th century and stole their land, many Aborigines died fighting to protect it. Today, only about 100,000 survive. Although some still live a traditional life in remote desert areas of the Australian outback, many now live in poor conditions in cities and towns. They have suffered for two hundred years from white exploitation. However, the Australian government has recently given some land back to them including 'Uluru'. This huge rock, in the centre of Australia, is of great importance to theAborigines. Although winning back this land is encouraging, the Aboriginal people know there is a long way to go before they win back the rest of their land.

MAGROS

Thursday, October 24th, 1996
Christian Lebrat, the French president of the MAGROS Food company, is visiting our town. He arrived yesterday and he is here to meet Mr. Douglas, the manager of the MAGROS store in Oxham Street. This is Mr. Lebrat's second visit to Selton. He was here in 1991 when he opened the store. There are sixty-five MAGROS stores in Europe - twenty in England, twelve in Germany, fifteen in France and eighteen in Spain. Next year, Mr. Lebrat wants to open a store in Rome, Italy, too. Mr. Lebrat can't stay in Selton for very long. He has a busy programme. He is flying to Madrid tomorrow morning to visit the stores there.

EFFECTS OF CIGARETTE SMOKING

   There are three harmful substances in cigarettes: tar, carbon monoxide and nicotine. Cigarette smokers who inhale the smoke, or breathe it in, can develop lung cancer. Other smokers who only take the smoke into their mouths can suffer from throat, tongue and larynx cancers. The substance which causes cancer is the tar in cigarettes. Cigarette manufacturers have tried to develop low tar brands of cigarettes to reduce the dangers. Certain forms of filters in addition to the cigarette's own filter can also help. However, nothing can completely eliminate , i.e., remove, the tar without changing the taste of 0 the cigarette completely. The effects of carbon monoxide are perhaps more serious because they can cause permanent damage - damage which lasts for a very long time - on others besides the smokers themselves. Increased carbon monoxide intake automatically means reduced oxygen intake, and 5 consequently a lower oxygen content in the blood and the brain. An oxygen-starved brain (a brain without enough oxygen) begins to die. It is true that cigarette smokers need cigarettes. Of course they do not actively choose to harm themselves and others, but they are forced to do so because of their dependence on the strong and fast-acting stimulant called nicotine . In other words, they can't do without it. People who smoke frequently claim that smoking makes them feel calm and soothes their nerves, but this is a physiological impossibility, not a real effect at all. Actually it appears to be the psychological consequence of satisfying a need because cigarettes, like coffee and tea, are arousing agents and they make people more nervous, not less.

GUEBE TO GOOB

few days ago I was in Cornwell, the northern suburb of Bristol. It isn't big - about 14,000 people live there. I thought there aren't any good restaurants in Cornwell. I thought there were only some pizza houses and a few hamburger cafes. But I was wrong. A friend took me out to dinner last Saturday. We got off the bus at Cornwell Central, and walked down George Road to the post office. Then we turned left into a little street called West Lane, we walked a few metres, and we entered a small restaurant. The Rajah Restaurant has six tables, and there wasn't anyone there when we arrived. We had a wonderful Indian meal there. The Tandoori chicken was very tasty, and the curries were hot and delicious. The wine was good and cheap, the fruit salad was really exotic and the meal cost only £12 for two. Try it - but hurry. You can't seat 14.000 people at only six tables!

VIVE LA DIFFERENCE!

There are more than 150 countries in the world. Some of them are very big, with millions of people. Others are smaller than some cities, with only a few thousand people. People in different countries have their own customs (i.e. social habits), traditions, languages and beliefs.
There are, of course, very obvious differences. A visitor immediately sees what people look like, the different money they use and the different food they eat. However, there are some differences you cannot see immediately. You learn about these when you get to know the people of the country well. 10 One difference between different countries is the way people greet their friends. In France, for example, people kiss one another on both cheeks. In Britain, people usually only kiss close friends and relatives, and only shake hands with people they meet for the first time. There are also a lot of different customs linked with eating. For 15 instance, in many countries people say something to each other before they start eating, such as 'Guten Appetit', but in Britain this is not the custom. In the United States people cut their meat into small pieces before they start to eat, and then they eat only with a fork. In Germany, it is impolite to cut potatoes with a knife, and in many countries people 0 don't eat with knives or forks at all. What people do in their spare time in the evening or at the weekend can also be very different. Sport is an example of this. Cricket is a popular sport in Britain but not in the rest of Europe. People race camels in Saudi Arabia and watch Sumo wrestling in Japan. 5 All these differences between countries make travel interesting.

LEARNING READING SKILLS

As you learn a particular language you learn many words and new structures in that language. For example, while learning English you learn to pronouncelthe words and to understand them intheir written forms. However, there is more than this in the process of learning to read. Reading in a second language means learning to use some reading skills. These skills may be similar to ones that you have learned in your native language. In this site you will practice many of the reading skills that you will need to read English quickly and well. This section of the book will help you to to do the exercises in the following units.

googlemaps street view japan

Are You Ready! for going to Tokyo in Japan.

Come on! click here

Step1: Write on text area :TOKYO
Step2: Select area and Up pointer on bar (wait for loading)
Step3:Now Drag and Drop man icon your selected area on maps for walk in Tokyo Streets
Step4: Use mouse for rotate and use direction keys at keyboard

Street view tokyo

Finish Click Images for zoom

Daha Büyük Görüntüle

LUMINOUS AND NON-LUMINOUS BODIES

Light, like heat, is a form of energy and there is a close connection between the two. Most bodies (i.e. objects) which emit, or send out, light also emit heat. The Sun, for example, emits both light and heat energy. So does an electric lamp or a fire. We can see these bodies because they give out light. They are called luminous bodies. The Moon, however, is not a luminous body because it does not produce light. We can see the Moon in the sky only because it reflects the light from the Sun. This means the Sun sends out light to the Moon and the Moon sends the Sun's light back to Earth. So, the Moon is a good example of a non-luminous body. Because it is non-luminous, it does not produce heat. When there is no sunlight, it is very cold there. The temperature can be 129°C below zero. A piece of iron or glass is also non-luminous. W fiat are transparent, translucent and opaque substances? So, light is an important source of energy. We can see things only because there is light from luminous bodies. But light cannot pass through every substance. For example, we can see through clear glass or water but we cannot see anything behind a wall. Substances such as clear glass, water or some kinds of plastic are called transparent substances. That is, light can pass through them, and we can see what is on the other side. These transparent substances can be used for different purposes. For example, windows are made of glass because we want to be able to see what is outside. But some substances are not clear; in other words, they are not transparent. We cannot see the objects behind them but we can only see the light. These are called translucent substances. Some types of glass are like this. There are also substances called opaque. Light cannot pass through such substances and we cannot see anything behind them.